In chemistry, a material's standard state (pure substance, mixture, or solution) serves as a benchmark for estimating its properties under various circumstances. A thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (H°), change in entropy (S°), or change in Gibbs free energy (G°), is denoted by a superscript circle ° (degree symbol) or a Plimsoll () character. Although the Plimsoll is advised in standards, the degree symbol has gained popularity; see the topic concerning typesetting below.
Standard State of all Elements
Atomic No |
Name |
Symbol |
Standard State |
1 |
H |
Gas |
|
2 |
He |
Gas |
|
3 |
Li |
Solid |
|
4 |
Be |
Solid |
|
5 |
B |
Solid |
|
6 |
C |
Solid |
|
7 |
N |
Gas |
|
8 |
O |
Gas |
|
9 |
F |
Gas |
|
10 |
Ne |
Gas |
|
11 |
Na |
Solid |
|
12 |
Mg |
Solid |
|
13 |
Al |
Solid |
|
14 |
Si |
Solid |
|
15 |
P |
Solid |
|
16 |
S |
Solid |
|
17 |
Cl |
Gas |
|
18 |
Ar |
Gas |
|
19 |
K |
Solid |
|
20 |
Ca |
Solid |
|
21 |
Sc |
Solid |
|
22 |
Ti |
Solid |
|
23 |
V |
Solid |
|
24 |
Cr |
Solid |
|
25 |
Mn |
Solid |
|
26 |
Fe |
Solid |
|
27 |
Co |
Solid |
|
28 |
Ni |
Solid |
|
29 |
Cu |
Solid |
|
30 |
Zn |
Solid |
|
31 |
Ga |
Solid |
|
32 |
Ge |
Solid |
|
33 |
As |
Solid |
|
34 |
Se |
Solid |
|
35 |
Br |
Liquid |
|
36 |
Kr |
Gas |
|
37 |
Rb |
Solid |
|
38 |
Sr |
Solid |
|
39 |
Y |
Solid |
|
40 |
Zr |
Solid |
|
41 |
Nb |
Solid |
|
42 |
Mo |
Solid |
|
43 |
Tc |
Solid |
|
44 |
Ru |
Solid |
|
45 |
Rh |
Solid |
|
46 |
Pd |
Solid |
|
47 |
Ag |
Solid |
|
48 |
Cd |
Solid |
|
49 |
In |
Solid |
|
50 |
Sn |
Solid |
|
51 |
Sb |
Solid |
|
52 |
Te |
Solid |
|
53 |
I |
Solid |
|
54 |
Xe |
Gas |
|
55 |
Cs |
Solid |
|
56 |
Ba |
Solid |
|
57 |
La |
Solid |
|
58 |
Ce |
Solid |
|
59 |
Pr |
Solid |
|
60 |
Nd |
Solid |
|
61 |
Pm |
Solid |
|
62 |
Sm |
Solid |
|
63 |
Eu |
Solid |
|
64 |
Gd |
Solid |
|
65 |
Tb |
Solid |
|
66 |
Dy |
Solid |
|
67 |
Ho |
Solid |
|
68 |
Er |
Solid |
|
69 |
Tm |
Solid |
|
70 |
Yb |
Solid |
|
71 |
Lu |
Solid |
|
72 |
Hf |
Solid |
|
73 |
Ta |
Solid |
|
74 |
W |
Solid |
|
75 |
Re |
Solid |
|
76 |
Os |
Solid |
|
77 |
Ir |
Solid |
|
78 |
Pt |
Solid |
|
79 |
Au |
Solid |
|
80 |
Hg |
Liquid |
|
81 |
Tl |
Solid |
|
82 |
Pb |
Solid |
|
83 |
Bi |
Solid |
|
84 |
Po |
Solid |
|
85 |
At |
Solid |
|
86 |
Rn |
Gas |
|
87 |
Fr |
Solid |
|
88 |
Ra |
Solid |
|
89 |
Ac |
Solid |
|
90 |
Th |
Solid |
|
91 |
Pa |
Solid |
|
92 |
U |
Solid |
|
93 |
Np |
Solid |
|
94 |
Pu |
Solid |
|
95 |
Am |
Solid |
|
96 |
Cm |
Solid |
|
97 |
Bk |
Solid |
|
98 |
Cf |
Solid |
|
99 |
Es |
Solid |
|
100 |
Fm |
Solid |
|
101 |
Md |
Solid |
|
102 |
No |
Solid |
|
103 |
Lr |
Solid |
|
104 |
Rf |
Solid |
|
105 |
Db |
Solid |
|
106 |
Sg |
Solid |
|
107 |
Bh |
Solid |
|
108 |
Hs |
Solid |
|
109 |
Mt |
Solid |
|
110 |
Ds |
Solid |
|
111 |
Rg |
Solid |
|
112 |
Cn |
Solid |
|
113 |
Nh |
Solid |
|
114 |
Fl |
Solid |
|
115 |
Mc |
Solid |
|
116 |
Lv |
Solid |
|
117 |
Ts |
Solid |
|
118 |
Og |
Gas |
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