What are the 4 quantum numbers?
1. Principal quantum number (n)
2. Momentum quantum number (ℓ)
3. Magnetic quantities number (mℓ)
4. Electron spin quantum numbers (ms)
Quantum numbers
To know how electrons will be
arranged we must examine the energy levels in the atom by studying the
following quantum numbers:
1. Principal quantum number (n)
Energy levels in atom are
determined by the principal quantum number and the larger value of n the higher
value of energy level and farther the electron from the nucleus. The value of n
determines the size of the level and n take integers 1, 2, 3, etc.
2. Momentum quantum number (ℓ)
Determines the shape of orbital in
which the electron is likely to be present and it is resulting from the
movement of the electron around the nucleus. That each principal level n
consists of one or more sub - (secondary) levels. The number of secondary
levels in any orbital is equal to the number of principal quantum number:
· n=1 consists of one secondary level of energy s.
· n=2 contains two secondary levels is s and p, and the third principal level,
· n=3, contains three secondary energy levels are s, p
and d
· n=4 contains four secondary levels of quantum numbers
are s, p, d, and f.
Each n value corresponds to a
specific value for the quantum secondary number ℓ are integers starting with zero and ending with (
n-1). If n=1, that ℓ will start with zero and end with (1 - 1) so there is one value for ℓ= zero but if n= 2 it is
start with zero and end with (1 - 2) by1 so there are two values for ℓ is zero and one. So when n =
3 there are three values 0, 1, 2 and when n= 4 there are four values: 0, 1, 2,
3 and so on (Table 1-1).
Table (1-1): The
values of ℓ and the symbols of the secondary levels indicated
In our study we will only consider
secondary levels s, p, d, f because they are only ones that are preoccupied
with electrons in atoms in ground state. To determine the secondary level from
any n principal level symbolically writes the value of n for the n principal
level then the character as- signed to the secondary level, for example the
secondary level s from the second principal level has the symbol 2s and has
values(n=2, ℓ = 0). The secondary level d of the third principal level is 3d and has
quantum values (n = 3, ℓ = 2) and so on.
3. Magnetic quantities number (mℓ)
Atomic orbitals can take the same
shape around the nucleus but in different directions. Magnetic quantities
number indicates the direction of the orbital around the nucleus where each
secondary level consists of one or more orbitals.
This number was used to explain
the appearance of extra lines in the spectrum when atom placed in a magnetic
field. A spatial distribution of an electron, spherical symmetric, ie, the
probability of its existence is the same in all trends from the nucleus.
On the other hand the probability
the presence of the electron p in some directions of the nucleus is more than
in other. In fact, the probability of distribution for the electron p of two
diffuse lobes to some extent, one on each side of nucleus.
The p-level consists of three
orbitals the secondary level d consists of five orbitals and the secondary
level f consists of seven orbitals and their spatial distribution is more
complex largely.
Each value of ℓ matched with the values of
mag- natic quantum numbers, which are positive and negative integers. When the
value of ℓ:
· ℓ=0 there is one value for mℓ which is (0).
· ℓ = 1, the values of mℓ are (+1, 0,-1)
· ℓ= 2 the values of mℓ is (+2, +1, 0, -1, -2).
· ℓ=3 then the value of mℓ are (+3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2,-3).
Table (1-2) summarizes quantum
numbers of primary, secondary and magnetic.
Table (1-2): Values of quantum numbers of primary,
secondary and magnetic.
4. Electron spin quantum numbers (ms)
We explained earlier that there is
one orbital for the secondary level S, three orbitals for secondary level p,
five for secondary level d and seven for the secondary level f and where these
secondary levels can accommodates 2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons respectively. It
follows that any orbital can accommodate two electrons but electrons differ in
the same orbital by one important thing is that it has opposite spindle
rotation. The reason for talking about the spin of the electron comes from
sightings the magnetic behavior of the material can be obtained from the
behavior of magnetic for single atoms, by Ottostron experiment.
Figure 1: Ottostron
experiment.
In this experiment [Figure 1], a
beam of silver atoms Neutralization (resulting from the evaporation of silver)
passed between two magnetic electrodes. It was found that the beam splits into
two separate beams, that is, half the atoms deflects in a certain direction and
the rest deflects in the opposite direction.
To explain this behavior that each
electron behaves like a fine magnet. This magnetism is produced by the spin of
the negative charge because it is known that the spindle rotation of any charge
is generated magnetic field. There are two opposite directions of the spin; we
expect each electron to attract each other but that disability of the attraction
between the electron orbital repulsion in their charge.
Since the movement of the rotation
of the two electrons is confined in only two directions so we have two values
of the spindle quantum ms are +1/2and -1/2.
It can summarize the
characteristics of the electron in the atom As follows:-
1. The principal quantum number n and this characteristic
indicates the order of the electrons configuration and increase the distance
from the nucleus.
2. The momentum quantum number mℓ describes the type of
orbital that the electron operates from, where its spatial distribution is
similar (for example, the electron s has spherical distributions are
symmetrical and the electrons p have symmetrical distributions along separated
directions in the space).
3. The magnetic quantum number mℓ and this characteristic
defines any orbital from orbitals of the secondary level in which an electron
is likely to be present.
4. The electron spin quantum number (ms) and this characteristic
determines either of the two possible directions of the spin of the electron.
5. When the four characteristics of the electron are determined
in an certain atom, it will discover that it cannot exist in the same one atom
another electron that has a set similar to those of its the four
characteristics. This fundamental definition is known as (the Puli exclusion
principle).
This definition states that it
cannot two electrons in the same atom have the same values for all quantum four
number.
Example 1
Set the four quantum values of the
last electron for each of the following element atoms:
Xe= 54
V= 23
Cl= 17
Li= 3
Solution:
· n=2 because the
electronic configuration ended in the second level 2
· ℓ=0 because the electronic configuration ended
with the secondary level s
· mℓ = 0 because the last electron is
located in the secondary level s
· ms = +1/2 Because the last electron rotates clock wise (the first electron of the Orbital).
· n=3 because the
configuration ended with the third principal level 3
· ℓ=1 because the configuration ended with the secondary level p
· mℓ = 0 because the last electron is
located in the orbital which has a value of ℓ = 0
· ms = -1/2 Because the last electron is the second electron in the orbital.
· n = 3 because the highest principal level contains electrons at the third
· ℓ=2 because the electronic configuration ended with the secondary level d
· mℓ = 0 because the last electron is
located in the orbital whose value is m ℓ = 0
· ms = +1/2 because the last electron is the first electron in the orbital.
· n = 5 Because the highest principal level contains electrons is the fifth
· ℓ=1 because the electronic configuration ended with the secondary level p
· mℓ = -1 because the last electron is
located in the orbital whose value is m ℓ = -1
· ms = -1/2 Because the last electron is the second electron in the orbital.
Example 2
Compare the four quantum numbers of the last electron to each of the two element atoms Li= 3 and Na= 11.
Solution:
The difference is only in the principal quantum number.
Example 3
Write the electronic configuration
of the Mn= 25 atom and write the quantum number of the electrons, for the last
secondary level.
Solution:
Example 4
If the last electron of an atom of
an element has the following four quantum numbers:
·
n = 3
·
ℓ = 2
·
m ℓ = +1
·
ms = -1/2
What is the atomic number of this
element?
Solution:
n=3 the principal level will be the
third
ℓ =2 the secondary level is the level and contains five orbitals
mℓ = +1
Located in the orbital indicator
with the letter X
ms = -1/2 is the second electron
Therefore, from previous
information the last secondary level in the electronic configuration will end
with a secondary 3d level which contains seven electrons then become an
electronic configuration of secondary levels in this atom as follows:
Adding the number of electrons above the secondary levels in the electronic configuration and the sum value represents the atomic number of this element.
So Atomic number = 27
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