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وفرة جميع العناصر الكيميائية في الكون The abundance of elements in the universe

وفرة العناصر في الكون  The abundance of elements in the universe


وفرة العناصر في الكون
The abundance of elements in the universe



75%
Hydrogen
23%
Helium
6×10-7%
Lithium
1×10-7%
Beryllium
1×10-7%
Boron
0.5%
Carbon
0.1%
Nitrogen
1%
Oxygen
0.00004%
Fluorine
0.13%
Neon
0.002%
Sodium
0.059%
Magnesium
0.005%
Aluminum
0.07%
Silicon
0.0007%
Phosphorus
0.05%
Sulfur
0.0001%
Chlorine
0.02%
Argon
0.0003%
Potassium
0.007%
Calcium
3×10-6%
Scandium
0.0003%
Titanium
0.0001%
Vanadium
0.0015%
Chromium
0.0008%
Manganese
0.11%
Iron
0.0003%
Cobalt
0.006%
Nickel
6×10-6%
Copper
0.00003%
Zinc
1×10-6%
Gallium
0.00002%
Germanium
8×10-7%
Arsenic
3×10-6%
Selenium
7×10-7%
Bromine
4×10-6%
Krypton
1×10-6%
Rubidium
4×10-6%
Strontium
7×10-7%
Yttrium
5×10-6%
Zirconium
2×10-7%
Niobium
5×10-7%
Molybdenum
N/A
Technetium
4×10-7%
Ruthenium
6×10-8%
Rhodium
2×10-7%
Palladium
6×10-8%
Silver
2×10-7%
Cadmium
3×10-8%
Indium
4×10-7%
Tin
4×10-8%
Antimony
9×10-7%
Tellurium
1×10-7%
Iodine
1×10-6%
Xenon
8×10-8%
Cesium
1×10-6%
Barium
2×10-7%
Lanthanum
1×10-6%
Cerium
2×10-7%
Praseodymium
1×10-6%
Neodymium
N/A
Promethium
5×10-7%
Samarium
5×10-8%
Europium
2×10-7%
Gadolinium
5×10-8%
Terbium
2×10-7%
Dysprosium
5×10-8%
Holmium
2×10-7%
Erbium
1×10-8%
Thulium
2×10-7%
Ytterbium
1×10-8%
Lutetium
7×10-8%
Hafnium
8×10-9%
Tantalum
5×10-8%
Tungsten
2×10-8%
Rhenium
3×10-7%
Osmium
2×10-7%
Iridium
5×10-7%
Platinum
6×10-8%
Gold
1×10-7%
Mercury
5×10-8%
Thallium
1×10-6%
Lead
7×10-8%
Bismuth
N/A
Polonium
N/A
Astatine
N/A
Radon
N/A
Francium
N/A
Radium
N/A
Actinium
4×10-8%
Thorium
N/A
Protactinium
2×10-8%
Uranium
N/A
Neptunium
N/A
Plutonium
N/A
Americium
N/A
Curium
N/A
Berkelium
N/A
Californium
N/A
Einsteinium
N/A
Fermium
N/A
Mendelevium
N/A
Nobelium
N/A
Lawrencium
N/A
Rutherfordium
N/A
Dubnium
N/A
Seaborgium
N/A
Bohrium
N/A
Hassium
N/A
Meitnerium
N/A
Darmstadtium
N/A
Roentgenium
N/A
Copernicium
N/A
Nihonium
N/A
Flerovium
N/A
Moscovium
N/A
Livermorium
N/A
Tennessine
N/A
Oganesson

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المصادر:

1 Vangioni-Flam, Elisabeth; Cassé, Michel (2012). Spite, Monique (ed.). Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe with the Local Fossil Record. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–86. ISBN 9401142130.
2 Trimble, Virginia (1996). "The Origin and Evolution of the Chemical Elements". In Malkan, Matthew A.; Zuckerman, Ben (eds.). The origin and evolution of the universe. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 0-7637-0030-4.
3 Croswell, Ken (February 1996). Alchemy of the Heavens. Anchor. ISBN 0-385-47214-5. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13.
4 Suess, Hans; Urey, Harold (1956). "Abundances of the Elements". Reviews of Modern Physics. 28: 53. Bibcode:1956RvMP...28...53S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53.
5 Cameron, A.G.W. (1973). "Abundances of the elements in the solar system". Space Science Reviews. 15: 121. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440.
6 Anders, E; Ebihara, M (1982). "Solar-system abundances of the elements". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 46 (11): 2363. Bibcode:1982GeCoA..46.2363A. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90208-3.
7 Arnett, David (1996). Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis (First ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-691-01147-8. OCLC 33162440.
8 Bell, Jerry A.; GenChem Editorial/Writing Team (2005). "Chapter 3: Origin of Atoms". Chemistry: a project of the American Chemical Society. New York [u.a.]: Freeman. pp. 191–193. ISBN 978-0-7167-3126-9. Correlations between abundance and nuclear binding energy [Subsection title]
9 Bell, Jerry A.; GenChem Editorial/Writing Team (2005). "Chapter 3: Origin of Atoms". Chemistry: a project of the American Chemical Society. New York [u.a.]: Freeman. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7167-3126-9. The higher abundance of elements with even atomic numbers [Subsection title]


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