وفرة العناصر في الكون
The abundance of elements in the universe
75%
|
Hydrogen
|
23%
|
Helium
|
6×10-7%
|
Lithium
|
1×10-7%
|
Beryllium
|
1×10-7%
|
Boron
|
0.5%
|
Carbon
|
0.1%
|
Nitrogen
|
1%
|
Oxygen
|
0.00004%
|
Fluorine
|
0.13%
|
Neon
|
0.002%
|
Sodium
|
0.059%
|
Magnesium
|
0.005%
|
Aluminum
|
0.07%
|
Silicon
|
0.0007%
|
Phosphorus
|
0.05%
|
Sulfur
|
0.0001%
|
Chlorine
|
0.02%
|
Argon
|
0.0003%
|
Potassium
|
0.007%
|
Calcium
|
3×10-6%
|
Scandium
|
0.0003%
|
Titanium
|
0.0001%
|
Vanadium
|
0.0015%
|
Chromium
|
0.0008%
|
Manganese
|
0.11%
|
Iron
|
0.0003%
|
Cobalt
|
0.006%
|
Nickel
|
6×10-6%
|
Copper
|
0.00003%
|
Zinc
|
1×10-6%
|
Gallium
|
0.00002%
|
Germanium
|
8×10-7%
|
Arsenic
|
3×10-6%
|
Selenium
|
7×10-7%
|
Bromine
|
4×10-6%
|
Krypton
|
1×10-6%
|
Rubidium
|
4×10-6%
|
Strontium
|
7×10-7%
|
Yttrium
|
5×10-6%
|
Zirconium
|
2×10-7%
|
Niobium
|
5×10-7%
|
Molybdenum
|
N/A
|
Technetium
|
4×10-7%
|
Ruthenium
|
6×10-8%
|
Rhodium
|
2×10-7%
|
Palladium
|
6×10-8%
|
Silver
|
2×10-7%
|
Cadmium
|
3×10-8%
|
Indium
|
4×10-7%
|
Tin
|
4×10-8%
|
Antimony
|
9×10-7%
|
Tellurium
|
1×10-7%
|
Iodine
|
1×10-6%
|
Xenon
|
8×10-8%
|
Cesium
|
1×10-6%
|
Barium
|
2×10-7%
|
Lanthanum
|
1×10-6%
|
Cerium
|
2×10-7%
|
Praseodymium
|
1×10-6%
|
Neodymium
|
N/A
|
Promethium
|
5×10-7%
|
Samarium
|
5×10-8%
|
Europium
|
2×10-7%
|
Gadolinium
|
5×10-8%
|
Terbium
|
2×10-7%
|
Dysprosium
|
5×10-8%
|
Holmium
|
2×10-7%
|
Erbium
|
1×10-8%
|
Thulium
|
2×10-7%
|
Ytterbium
|
1×10-8%
|
Lutetium
|
7×10-8%
|
Hafnium
|
8×10-9%
|
Tantalum
|
5×10-8%
|
Tungsten
|
2×10-8%
|
Rhenium
|
3×10-7%
|
Osmium
|
2×10-7%
|
Iridium
|
5×10-7%
|
Platinum
|
6×10-8%
|
Gold
|
1×10-7%
|
Mercury
|
5×10-8%
|
Thallium
|
1×10-6%
|
Lead
|
7×10-8%
|
Bismuth
|
N/A
|
Polonium
|
N/A
|
Astatine
|
N/A
|
Radon
|
N/A
|
Francium
|
N/A
|
Radium
|
N/A
|
Actinium
|
4×10-8%
|
Thorium
|
N/A
|
Protactinium
|
2×10-8%
|
Uranium
|
N/A
|
Neptunium
|
N/A
|
Plutonium
|
N/A
|
Americium
|
N/A
|
Curium
|
N/A
|
Berkelium
|
N/A
|
Californium
|
N/A
|
Einsteinium
|
N/A
|
Fermium
|
N/A
|
Mendelevium
|
N/A
|
Nobelium
|
N/A
|
Lawrencium
|
N/A
|
Rutherfordium
|
N/A
|
Dubnium
|
N/A
|
Seaborgium
|
N/A
|
Bohrium
|
N/A
|
Hassium
|
N/A
|
Meitnerium
|
N/A
|
Darmstadtium
|
N/A
|
Roentgenium
|
N/A
|
Copernicium
|
N/A
|
Nihonium
|
N/A
|
Flerovium
|
N/A
|
Moscovium
|
N/A
|
Livermorium
|
N/A
|
Tennessine
|
N/A
|
Oganesson
|
لتحميل وفرة العناصر في الكون pdf اضغط هنا
المصادر:
1 Vangioni-Flam, Elisabeth; Cassé, Michel
(2012). Spite, Monique (ed.). Galaxy Evolution: Connecting the Distant Universe
with the Local Fossil Record. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–86.
ISBN 9401142130.
2 Trimble, Virginia (1996). "The Origin
and Evolution of the Chemical Elements". In Malkan, Matthew A.; Zuckerman,
Ben (eds.). The origin and evolution of the universe. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and
Bartlett Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 0-7637-0030-4.
3 Croswell, Ken (February 1996). Alchemy of
the Heavens. Anchor. ISBN 0-385-47214-5. Archived from the original on
2011-05-13.
4 Suess, Hans; Urey, Harold (1956).
"Abundances of the Elements". Reviews of Modern Physics. 28: 53.
Bibcode:1956RvMP...28...53S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53.
5 Cameron, A.G.W. (1973). "Abundances of
the elements in the solar system". Space Science Reviews. 15: 121.
Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440.
6 Anders, E; Ebihara, M (1982). "Solar-system
abundances of the elements". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 46 (11):
2363. Bibcode:1982GeCoA..46.2363A. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90208-3.
7 Arnett, David (1996). Supernovae and
Nucleosynthesis (First ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
p. 11. ISBN 0-691-01147-8. OCLC 33162440.
8 Bell, Jerry A.; GenChem Editorial/Writing
Team (2005). "Chapter 3: Origin of Atoms". Chemistry: a project of
the American Chemical Society. New York [u.a.]: Freeman. pp. 191–193. ISBN
978-0-7167-3126-9. Correlations between abundance and nuclear binding energy
[Subsection title]
9 Bell, Jerry A.; GenChem Editorial/Writing
Team (2005). "Chapter 3: Origin of Atoms". Chemistry: a project of
the American Chemical Society. New York [u.a.]: Freeman. p. 192. ISBN
978-0-7167-3126-9. The higher abundance of elements with even atomic numbers
[Subsection title]
Comments
Post a Comment