وفرة العناصر في قشرة الأرض
Abundance of elements in the earth's crust
0.15%
|
Hydrogen
|
5.5×10-7%
|
Helium
|
0.0017%
|
Lithium
|
0.00019%
|
Beryllium
|
0.00086%
|
Boron
|
0.18%
|
Carbon
|
0.002%
|
Nitrogen
|
46%
|
Oxygen
|
0.054%
|
Fluorine
|
3×10-7%
|
Neon
|
2.3%
|
Sodium
|
2.9%
|
Magnesium
|
8.1%
|
Aluminum
|
27%
|
Silicon
|
0.099%
|
Phosphorus
|
0.042%
|
Sulfur
|
0.017%
|
Chlorine
|
0.00015%
|
Argon
|
1.5%
|
Potassium
|
5%
|
Calcium
|
0.0026%
|
Scandium
|
0.66%
|
Titanium
|
0.019%
|
Vanadium
|
0.014%
|
Chromium
|
0.11%
|
Manganese
|
6.3%
|
Iron
|
0.003%
|
Cobalt
|
0.009%
|
Nickel
|
0.0068%
|
Copper
|
0.0078%
|
Zinc
|
0.0019%
|
Gallium
|
0.00014%
|
Germanium
|
0.00021%
|
Arsenic
|
5×10-6%
|
Selenium
|
0.0003%
|
Bromine
|
1.5×10-8%
|
Krypton
|
0.006%
|
Rubidium
|
0.036%
|
Strontium
|
0.0029%
|
Yttrium
|
0.013%
|
Zirconium
|
0.0017%
|
Niobium
|
0.00011%
|
Molybdenum
|
0%
|
Technetium
|
1×10-7%
|
Ruthenium
|
7×10-8%
|
Rhodium
|
6.3×10-7%
|
Palladium
|
7.9×10-6%
|
Silver
|
0.000015%
|
Cadmium
|
0.000016%
|
Indium
|
0.00022%
|
Tin
|
0.00002%
|
Antimony
|
1×10-7%
|
Tellurium
|
0.000049%
|
Iodine
|
2×10-9%
|
Xenon
|
0.00019%
|
Cesium
|
0.034%
|
Barium
|
0.0034%
|
Lanthanum
|
0.006%
|
Cerium
|
0.00086%
|
Praseodymium
|
0.0033%
|
Neodymium
|
0%
|
Promethium
|
0.0006%
|
Samarium
|
0.00018%
|
Europium
|
0.00052%
|
Gadolinium
|
0.000093%
|
Terbium
|
0.00062%
|
Dysprosium
|
0.00012%
|
Holmium
|
0.0003%
|
Erbium
|
0.000045%
|
Thulium
|
0.00028%
|
Ytterbium
|
0.000057%
|
Lutetium
|
0.00033%
|
Hafnium
|
0.00017%
|
Tantalum
|
0.00011%
|
Tungsten
|
2.6×10-7%
|
Rhenium
|
1.8×10-7%
|
Osmium
|
4×10-8%
|
Iridium
|
3.7×10-6%
|
Platinum
|
3.1×10-7%
|
Gold
|
6.7×10-6%
|
Mercury
|
0.000054%
|
Thallium
|
0.001%
|
Lead
|
2.5×10-6%
|
Bismuth
|
N/A
|
Polonium
|
0%
|
Astatine
|
N/A
|
Radon
|
N/A
|
Francium
|
1×10-11%
|
Radium
|
N/A
|
Actinium
|
0.0006%
|
Thorium
|
9.9×10-13%
|
Protactinium
|
0.00018%
|
Uranium
|
0%
|
Neptunium
|
0%
|
Plutonium
|
0%
|
Americium
|
0%
|
Curium
|
0%
|
Berkelium
|
0%
|
Californium
|
0%
|
Einsteinium
|
0%
|
Fermium
|
0%
|
Mendelevium
|
0%
|
Nobelium
|
0%
|
Lawrencium
|
0%
|
Rutherfordium
|
0%
|
Dubnium
|
0%
|
Seaborgium
|
0%
|
Bohrium
|
0%
|
Hassium
|
0%
|
Meitnerium
|
0%
|
Darmstadtium
|
0%
|
Roentgenium
|
0%
|
Copernicium
|
0%
|
Nihonium
|
0%
|
Flerovium
|
0%
|
Moscovium
|
0%
|
Livermorium
|
0%
|
Tennessine
|
0%
|
Oganesson
|
لتحميل وفرة العناصر في قشرة الأرض pdf اضغط هنا
المصادر:
1 Anderson, Don L.; "Chemical Composition
of the Mantle", Theory of the Earth, pp. 147-175 ISBN 0865421234
2 David Kring, Composition of Earth's
continental crust as inferred from the compositions of impact melt sheets,
Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII
3 "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance".
www.daviddarling.info. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved
2007-04-14.
4 Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of
Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
5 "Abundance in Earth's Crust".
WebElements.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved
2007-04-14.
6 ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
AND IN THE SEA, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th edition
(2016–2017), p. 14-17
7 Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS.
All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se
(plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for
B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide,
data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are
ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is
pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet.
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